Parameter anhand von Diskrepanzmaßen schätzen.
Die Psychophysik beschäftigt sich mit dem Zusammenhang zwischen physikalischen Reizstärken (Anzahl ausgestrahlter Photonen einer Kerze, Schallamplitude eines Tons, Gewicht eines Objekts, Temperatur einer Flüssigkeit, etc.) und der subjektiv wahrgenommenen Reizstärke (Helligkeit, Lautstärke, wahrgenommene Schwere und Temperatur). Das Weber-Fechner Gesetz nimmt an, dass Menschen sich objektiv linear verändernde Reizstärken subjektiv logarithmisch wahrnehmen.1 Die Modellgleichung des Weber-Fechner Gesetzes lautet:
\[E = k \times log(\frac{S}{R_0})\]
Es soll die subjektive Empfindung \(E\) der Ausprägung des Reizes \(S\) vorhergesagt werden. \(R_0\) ist die noch eben wahrnehmbare Ausprägung des physikalischen Reizes (d.h., Menschen besitzen eine Wahrnehmungsschwelle). Um die Rechnungen zu vereinfachen, setzen wir \(R_0 = 1\), die Formel vereinfacht sich zu \(E = k * log(S)\). Der Parameter \(k\) ist eine Konstante, die je nach Art des physikalischen Reizes unterschiedlich hoch ausfallen kann.
Im folgenden GUI ist das Weber-Fechner Gesetz programmiert. Spielen Sie einmal mit dem Parameter \(k\) und schauen Sie, wie sich die Funktion verändert.
Wir können das Weber-Fechner Gesetz als eine Funktion in R programmieren.
Wir werden im Folgenden ausgewählte Themen aus dem Buchkapitel 3 aus Farrell & Lewandowsky (2018) anhand des Weber-Fechner Gesetzes besprechen.
Der Paremter \(k\) im Weber-Fechner Gesetz ist reizspezifisch: Der Parameter muss anhand empirischer Daten geschätzt werden. In einem fiktionalen psychophysikalischem Experiment haben 10 Probanden die Empfindung von Lichtreizen in der Stärke 1 bis 20 in .1er Schritten angegeben.2 Nehmen wir einmal an, wir hätten folgende Daten beobachtet.
Im Folgenden sind die Daten und die Funktion des Weber-Fechner Gesetzes von \(k\) = 1 bis 3.5 in .5er Schritten geplottet. Die tiefste Kurve ist \(k = 1\), die höchste Kurve ist \(k = 3.5\).
Die dritte Kurve von unten mit \(k = 2\) passt gut zu den Daten.3 Wie lässt sich jedoch der optimale Parameter rechnerisch finden?
In der folgenden Datentabelle sind der physikalische Reiz, die beobachtete subjektive Empfindung des Reizes (und die Probandennummer) eingetragen.
kbl(daten) %>%
kable_paper() %>%
scroll_box(height = "400px")
S | E | Subj |
---|---|---|
1.0 | 0.6033222 | 1 |
1.1 | 0.7388545 | 1 |
1.2 | 1.1897616 | 1 |
1.3 | 0.4136054 | 1 |
1.4 | 0.4129590 | 1 |
1.5 | 0.6309364 | 1 |
1.6 | 0.4526826 | 1 |
1.7 | 1.8336890 | 1 |
1.8 | 1.5519458 | 1 |
1.9 | 1.3108873 | 1 |
2.0 | 1.4875796 | 1 |
2.1 | 0.8731627 | 1 |
2.2 | 2.0903935 | 1 |
2.3 | 1.4128083 | 1 |
2.4 | 1.7888555 | 1 |
2.5 | 2.9221485 | 1 |
2.6 | 2.5213472 | 1 |
2.7 | 1.7904148 | 1 |
2.8 | 2.8800500 | 1 |
2.9 | 2.3588090 | 1 |
3.0 | 2.4860137 | 1 |
3.1 | 2.7510088 | 1 |
3.2 | 2.1299178 | 1 |
3.3 | 1.5359703 | 1 |
3.4 | 2.7336253 | 1 |
3.5 | 2.9855625 | 1 |
3.6 | 2.8884396 | 1 |
3.7 | 1.1241368 | 1 |
3.8 | 2.9248296 | 1 |
3.9 | 2.1011571 | 1 |
4.0 | 2.1046730 | 1 |
4.1 | 2.2153891 | 1 |
4.2 | 2.2290338 | 1 |
4.3 | 2.6694908 | 1 |
4.4 | 2.8994279 | 1 |
4.5 | 3.8044490 | 1 |
4.6 | 2.5512555 | 1 |
4.7 | 3.4461992 | 1 |
4.8 | 3.1218311 | 1 |
4.9 | 3.6175739 | 1 |
5.0 | 3.4946288 | 1 |
5.1 | 2.2757285 | 1 |
5.2 | 3.0868241 | 1 |
5.3 | 2.5489697 | 1 |
5.4 | 3.8991473 | 1 |
5.5 | 2.8580394 | 1 |
5.6 | 3.0158128 | 1 |
5.7 | 2.9952299 | 1 |
5.8 | 3.5096159 | 1 |
5.9 | 3.1810208 | 1 |
6.0 | 3.2534017 | 1 |
6.1 | 4.0549334 | 1 |
6.2 | 3.6545023 | 1 |
6.3 | 3.8029005 | 1 |
6.4 | 3.8095636 | 1 |
6.5 | 3.5725001 | 1 |
6.6 | 3.4388160 | 1 |
6.7 | 3.7812228 | 1 |
6.8 | 3.5752878 | 1 |
6.9 | 3.6993051 | 1 |
7.0 | 3.7076117 | 1 |
7.1 | 3.6224392 | 1 |
7.2 | 4.1698313 | 1 |
7.3 | 4.3963239 | 1 |
7.4 | 4.0219670 | 1 |
7.5 | 3.4881952 | 1 |
7.6 | 3.4784538 | 1 |
7.7 | 4.5062836 | 1 |
7.8 | 4.2952919 | 1 |
7.9 | 4.2717911 | 1 |
8.0 | 3.6764105 | 1 |
8.1 | 5.3782540 | 1 |
8.2 | 4.8042833 | 1 |
8.3 | 3.8223576 | 1 |
8.4 | 4.0783562 | 1 |
8.5 | 3.8653155 | 1 |
8.6 | 4.1400898 | 1 |
8.7 | 4.8157541 | 1 |
8.8 | 4.1078559 | 1 |
8.9 | 4.2329692 | 1 |
9.0 | 3.4690010 | 1 |
9.1 | 3.8246216 | 1 |
9.2 | 3.9291782 | 1 |
9.3 | 4.5165891 | 1 |
9.4 | 4.3344799 | 1 |
9.5 | 3.6192062 | 1 |
9.6 | 3.4615527 | 1 |
9.7 | 4.0141738 | 1 |
9.8 | 4.2107370 | 1 |
9.9 | 3.8763480 | 1 |
10.0 | 4.8657838 | 1 |
10.1 | 4.1291804 | 1 |
10.2 | 4.0248974 | 1 |
10.3 | 5.4246333 | 1 |
10.4 | 4.6768058 | 1 |
10.5 | 4.1469336 | 1 |
10.6 | 5.0807118 | 1 |
10.7 | 3.3781419 | 1 |
10.8 | 4.9585133 | 1 |
10.9 | 4.7879653 | 1 |
11.0 | 4.5434702 | 1 |
11.1 | 4.9172026 | 1 |
11.2 | 4.3286756 | 1 |
11.3 | 5.6233642 | 1 |
11.4 | 5.0486832 | 1 |
11.5 | 4.5717541 | 1 |
11.6 | 4.1145295 | 1 |
11.7 | 5.7458781 | 1 |
11.8 | 4.4404174 | 1 |
11.9 | 4.8045372 | 1 |
12.0 | 4.9356195 | 1 |
12.1 | 4.6300304 | 1 |
12.2 | 4.1151370 | 1 |
12.3 | 4.8833833 | 1 |
12.4 | 4.9797968 | 1 |
12.5 | 5.6857369 | 1 |
12.6 | 3.9236434 | 1 |
12.7 | 5.4050486 | 1 |
12.8 | 4.6359664 | 1 |
12.9 | 4.3782974 | 1 |
13.0 | 5.9709691 | 1 |
13.1 | 4.4134149 | 1 |
13.2 | 5.2675226 | 1 |
13.3 | 5.0407863 | 1 |
13.4 | 4.8757347 | 1 |
13.5 | 6.2334584 | 1 |
13.6 | 5.0030496 | 1 |
13.7 | 5.7165280 | 1 |
13.8 | 5.2124900 | 1 |
13.9 | 4.9271802 | 1 |
14.0 | 6.3143651 | 1 |
14.1 | 5.8728670 | 1 |
14.2 | 5.7008073 | 1 |
14.3 | 5.2766375 | 1 |
14.4 | 5.4239270 | 1 |
14.5 | 5.6147737 | 1 |
14.6 | 4.9404697 | 1 |
14.7 | 5.4837335 | 1 |
14.8 | 4.8004871 | 1 |
14.9 | 5.1638424 | 1 |
15.0 | 5.2525068 | 1 |
15.1 | 4.6936516 | 1 |
15.2 | 4.7274688 | 1 |
15.3 | 4.8913077 | 1 |
15.4 | 4.7832506 | 1 |
15.5 | 5.2929772 | 1 |
15.6 | 5.3552774 | 1 |
15.7 | 4.7875411 | 1 |
15.8 | 5.7141895 | 1 |
15.9 | 5.0336303 | 1 |
16.0 | 4.7502736 | 1 |
16.1 | 5.7146797 | 1 |
16.2 | 6.2217272 | 1 |
16.3 | 5.4687449 | 1 |
16.4 | 5.6673368 | 1 |
16.5 | 5.8935115 | 1 |
16.6 | 5.8263062 | 1 |
16.7 | 5.2520577 | 1 |
16.8 | 5.8754054 | 1 |
16.9 | 5.8959324 | 1 |
17.0 | 5.2142721 | 1 |
17.1 | 5.0567148 | 1 |
17.2 | 6.2887150 | 1 |
17.3 | 5.4081258 | 1 |
17.4 | 5.7032219 | 1 |
17.5 | 5.2831940 | 1 |
17.6 | 5.6860093 | 1 |
17.7 | 4.3717175 | 1 |
17.8 | 5.4678433 | 1 |
17.9 | 6.6232982 | 1 |
18.0 | 5.4067025 | 1 |
18.1 | 5.6167890 | 1 |
18.2 | 5.6423939 | 1 |
18.3 | 5.4912999 | 1 |
18.4 | 5.0166628 | 1 |
18.5 | 6.3795838 | 1 |
18.6 | 5.9672262 | 1 |
18.7 | 6.5224196 | 1 |
18.8 | 5.9528649 | 1 |
18.9 | 5.4747996 | 1 |
19.0 | 6.4213306 | 1 |
19.1 | 4.9474984 | 1 |
19.2 | 5.8263979 | 1 |
19.3 | 6.0094851 | 1 |
19.4 | 6.1232262 | 1 |
19.5 | 5.7865777 | 1 |
19.6 | 5.9768945 | 1 |
19.7 | 5.4514407 | 1 |
19.8 | 6.3341857 | 1 |
19.9 | 5.4069390 | 1 |
20.0 | 6.0640144 | 1 |
1.0 | 0.3429396 | 2 |
1.1 | 1.1378629 | 2 |
1.2 | 0.3644842 | 2 |
1.3 | 0.6320945 | 2 |
1.4 | 0.0736187 | 2 |
1.5 | 0.1119356 | 2 |
1.6 | 0.5940496 | 2 |
1.7 | 0.7940306 | 2 |
1.8 | 1.5097859 | 2 |
1.9 | 1.2819182 | 2 |
2.0 | 0.9840654 | 2 |
2.1 | 3.0044527 | 2 |
2.2 | 1.8380622 | 2 |
2.3 | 2.8995220 | 2 |
2.4 | 1.2468940 | 2 |
2.5 | 1.9849301 | 2 |
2.6 | 1.6207477 | 2 |
2.7 | 1.7395114 | 2 |
2.8 | 2.0020706 | 2 |
2.9 | 1.5852833 | 2 |
3.0 | 2.5353552 | 2 |
3.1 | 1.7447073 | 2 |
3.2 | 2.7675639 | 2 |
3.3 | 2.5399389 | 2 |
3.4 | 2.1636124 | 2 |
3.5 | 2.0803468 | 2 |
3.6 | 2.8596848 | 2 |
3.7 | 2.8870262 | 2 |
3.8 | 2.9714554 | 2 |
3.9 | 3.0951585 | 2 |
4.0 | 2.3671424 | 2 |
4.1 | 2.3066063 | 2 |
4.2 | 2.0625315 | 2 |
4.3 | 2.9545719 | 2 |
4.4 | 3.8711412 | 2 |
4.5 | 3.9694853 | 2 |
4.6 | 3.2775950 | 2 |
4.7 | 2.9385956 | 2 |
4.8 | 2.4464790 | 2 |
4.9 | 2.9513841 | 2 |
5.0 | 3.0568671 | 2 |
5.1 | 2.5005261 | 2 |
5.2 | 3.9124981 | 2 |
5.3 | 3.3863655 | 2 |
5.4 | 3.5639605 | 2 |
5.5 | 3.7418070 | 2 |
5.6 | 3.2830029 | 2 |
5.7 | 2.4621513 | 2 |
5.8 | 3.2959971 | 2 |
5.9 | 3.0613880 | 2 |
6.0 | 4.2914746 | 2 |
6.1 | 3.8760356 | 2 |
6.2 | 4.1456287 | 2 |
6.3 | 3.8103319 | 2 |
6.4 | 4.6138394 | 2 |
6.5 | 4.7773898 | 2 |
6.6 | 4.0970336 | 2 |
6.7 | 3.3782658 | 2 |
6.8 | 3.1680464 | 2 |
6.9 | 4.5856284 | 2 |
7.0 | 3.5538484 | 2 |
7.1 | 3.7964912 | 2 |
7.2 | 4.1365322 | 2 |
7.3 | 3.9557635 | 2 |
7.4 | 3.8584818 | 2 |
7.5 | 4.0243842 | 2 |
7.6 | 4.2572018 | 2 |
7.7 | 4.5860431 | 2 |
7.8 | 4.1396626 | 2 |
7.9 | 4.2032090 | 2 |
8.0 | 3.9369492 | 2 |
8.1 | 4.3506440 | 2 |
8.2 | 3.6805909 | 2 |
8.3 | 3.6652236 | 2 |
8.4 | 3.5140349 | 2 |
8.5 | 4.0830362 | 2 |
8.6 | 4.5924847 | 2 |
8.7 | 4.3967683 | 2 |
8.8 | 3.6831238 | 2 |
8.9 | 4.6677956 | 2 |
9.0 | 4.5581164 | 2 |
9.1 | 4.7634766 | 2 |
9.2 | 4.1032416 | 2 |
9.3 | 3.9417445 | 2 |
9.4 | 3.6896845 | 2 |
9.5 | 4.3405592 | 2 |
9.6 | 4.2689783 | 2 |
9.7 | 4.5614118 | 2 |
9.8 | 4.8076958 | 2 |
9.9 | 5.3077408 | 2 |
10.0 | 4.1302650 | 2 |
10.1 | 4.8563211 | 2 |
10.2 | 4.5235796 | 2 |
10.3 | 4.9817039 | 2 |
10.4 | 4.4677299 | 2 |
10.5 | 5.0331347 | 2 |
10.6 | 4.6414200 | 2 |
10.7 | 4.2917490 | 2 |
10.8 | 5.6099950 | 2 |
10.9 | 5.3832537 | 2 |
11.0 | 4.7320499 | 2 |
11.1 | 3.6945274 | 2 |
11.2 | 5.2929503 | 2 |
11.3 | 4.6712018 | 2 |
11.4 | 5.2285588 | 2 |
11.5 | 3.6499539 | 2 |
11.6 | 4.6106112 | 2 |
11.7 | 5.3144889 | 2 |
11.8 | 5.6640638 | 2 |
11.9 | 5.1005581 | 2 |
12.0 | 4.8075859 | 2 |
12.1 | 4.9724698 | 2 |
12.2 | 4.9279196 | 2 |
12.3 | 6.1141777 | 2 |
12.4 | 5.5611866 | 2 |
12.5 | 4.5042170 | 2 |
12.6 | 4.7053621 | 2 |
12.7 | 5.4995516 | 2 |
12.8 | 4.6331067 | 2 |
12.9 | 4.9933121 | 2 |
13.0 | 5.5575021 | 2 |
13.1 | 5.8974121 | 2 |
13.2 | 4.9299677 | 2 |
13.3 | 5.2741104 | 2 |
13.4 | 3.9204991 | 2 |
13.5 | 4.9283953 | 2 |
13.6 | 5.3112974 | 2 |
13.7 | 5.5184350 | 2 |
13.8 | 5.0583754 | 2 |
13.9 | 4.9373834 | 2 |
14.0 | 5.0052771 | 2 |
14.1 | 5.1176728 | 2 |
14.2 | 5.9525449 | 2 |
14.3 | 5.1376107 | 2 |
14.4 | 5.3591442 | 2 |
14.5 | 5.8620971 | 2 |
14.6 | 4.9306805 | 2 |
14.7 | 5.6032300 | 2 |
14.8 | 5.0648070 | 2 |
14.9 | 4.7183314 | 2 |
15.0 | 5.6435984 | 2 |
15.1 | 4.8624936 | 2 |
15.2 | 4.7489785 | 2 |
15.3 | 6.0611721 | 2 |
15.4 | 4.5790087 | 2 |
15.5 | 4.9636345 | 2 |
15.6 | 6.4421694 | 2 |
15.7 | 5.1040416 | 2 |
15.8 | 5.3578696 | 2 |
15.9 | 4.8796378 | 2 |
16.0 | 5.8357797 | 2 |
16.1 | 5.0634657 | 2 |
16.2 | 5.7096581 | 2 |
16.3 | 5.3626467 | 2 |
16.4 | 5.5171522 | 2 |
16.5 | 5.7158964 | 2 |
16.6 | 5.3463364 | 2 |
16.7 | 5.6154729 | 2 |
16.8 | 5.2926981 | 2 |
16.9 | 6.3556330 | 2 |
17.0 | 5.7831200 | 2 |
17.1 | 6.4000139 | 2 |
17.2 | 5.7256574 | 2 |
17.3 | 5.4206328 | 2 |
17.4 | 5.7624293 | 2 |
17.5 | 5.6485777 | 2 |
17.6 | 5.3477127 | 2 |
17.7 | 6.1051357 | 2 |
17.8 | 5.7744646 | 2 |
17.9 | 5.7555233 | 2 |
18.0 | 5.3263915 | 2 |
18.1 | 5.6866305 | 2 |
18.2 | 6.7010008 | 2 |
18.3 | 5.7449616 | 2 |
18.4 | 5.8743991 | 2 |
18.5 | 5.1176068 | 2 |
18.6 | 5.8336874 | 2 |
18.7 | 5.7249838 | 2 |
18.8 | 6.2307880 | 2 |
18.9 | 5.6853038 | 2 |
19.0 | 5.3661997 | 2 |
19.1 | 6.6949442 | 2 |
19.2 | 6.5677560 | 2 |
19.3 | 6.1664839 | 2 |
19.4 | 5.9458301 | 2 |
19.5 | 5.4956904 | 2 |
19.6 | 6.1066974 | 2 |
19.7 | 5.7700807 | 2 |
19.8 | 4.9365713 | 2 |
19.9 | 5.7827120 | 2 |
20.0 | 5.6971730 | 2 |
1.0 | 1.0249737 | 3 |
1.1 | 0.0000000 | 3 |
1.2 | 0.6232411 | 3 |
1.3 | 1.0261079 | 3 |
1.4 | 0.9077738 | 3 |
1.5 | 1.8888357 | 3 |
1.6 | 0.6233763 | 3 |
1.7 | 0.7578973 | 3 |
1.8 | 1.1006768 | 3 |
1.9 | 0.6313430 | 3 |
2.0 | 0.6090458 | 3 |
2.1 | 1.1785666 | 3 |
2.2 | 2.5410667 | 3 |
2.3 | 1.6828458 | 3 |
2.4 | 1.9003656 | 3 |
2.5 | 1.5543208 | 3 |
2.6 | 1.8449374 | 3 |
2.7 | 1.3027939 | 3 |
2.8 | 3.0191540 | 3 |
2.9 | 2.5043737 | 3 |
3.0 | 2.3827805 | 3 |
3.1 | 2.5617948 | 3 |
3.2 | 2.2766374 | 3 |
3.3 | 2.5397129 | 3 |
3.4 | 3.6181040 | 3 |
3.5 | 3.4039411 | 3 |
3.6 | 1.8255379 | 3 |
3.7 | 3.1508110 | 3 |
3.8 | 1.9426208 | 3 |
3.9 | 1.9750169 | 3 |
4.0 | 3.2902940 | 3 |
4.1 | 3.6459490 | 3 |
4.2 | 2.9416949 | 3 |
4.3 | 3.1790221 | 3 |
4.4 | 2.4213965 | 3 |
4.5 | 2.2652217 | 3 |
4.6 | 3.8043569 | 3 |
4.7 | 3.0034270 | 3 |
4.8 | 3.3196177 | 3 |
4.9 | 2.8033785 | 3 |
5.0 | 3.7796306 | 3 |
5.1 | 3.6634832 | 3 |
5.2 | 3.5524265 | 3 |
5.3 | 3.4589871 | 3 |
5.4 | 3.6016989 | 3 |
5.5 | 2.6397085 | 3 |
5.6 | 2.7419405 | 3 |
5.7 | 3.3061700 | 3 |
5.8 | 3.4865367 | 3 |
5.9 | 3.6793817 | 3 |
6.0 | 4.4431846 | 3 |
6.1 | 3.8736966 | 3 |
6.2 | 3.3605076 | 3 |
6.3 | 3.7900645 | 3 |
6.4 | 4.3186431 | 3 |
6.5 | 3.8874015 | 3 |
6.6 | 3.4689481 | 3 |
6.7 | 3.1416341 | 3 |
6.8 | 3.1511558 | 3 |
6.9 | 3.8361252 | 3 |
7.0 | 4.1522376 | 3 |
7.1 | 3.9417266 | 3 |
7.2 | 4.6628260 | 3 |
7.3 | 3.6872519 | 3 |
7.4 | 4.1292686 | 3 |
7.5 | 4.4534191 | 3 |
7.6 | 4.6032010 | 3 |
7.7 | 4.2356968 | 3 |
7.8 | 3.8454495 | 3 |
7.9 | 4.4064749 | 3 |
8.0 | 2.6325195 | 3 |
8.1 | 4.7221726 | 3 |
8.2 | 4.3941416 | 3 |
8.3 | 3.4035875 | 3 |
8.4 | 4.7137312 | 3 |
8.5 | 3.9361018 | 3 |
8.6 | 4.7848705 | 3 |
8.7 | 3.9853106 | 3 |
8.8 | 4.8394666 | 3 |
8.9 | 4.7139381 | 3 |
9.0 | 3.1166809 | 3 |
9.1 | 4.0700267 | 3 |
9.2 | 4.8317856 | 3 |
9.3 | 4.8387870 | 3 |
9.4 | 4.7897835 | 3 |
9.5 | 4.8750627 | 3 |
9.6 | 5.3496678 | 3 |
9.7 | 4.0449731 | 3 |
9.8 | 4.8587500 | 3 |
9.9 | 4.9106398 | 3 |
10.0 | 4.2296605 | 3 |
10.1 | 4.6233695 | 3 |
10.2 | 4.2126621 | 3 |
10.3 | 4.9448277 | 3 |
10.4 | 3.9396600 | 3 |
10.5 | 4.5968390 | 3 |
10.6 | 3.2011441 | 3 |
10.7 | 4.4200234 | 3 |
10.8 | 4.5065887 | 3 |
10.9 | 3.0207453 | 3 |
11.0 | 4.5320039 | 3 |
11.1 | 5.2462631 | 3 |
11.2 | 4.9153830 | 3 |
11.3 | 4.4977667 | 3 |
11.4 | 5.2969296 | 3 |
11.5 | 4.4431306 | 3 |
11.6 | 4.4390068 | 3 |
11.7 | 4.9390237 | 3 |
11.8 | 6.1660570 | 3 |
11.9 | 5.1938781 | 3 |
12.0 | 4.7773556 | 3 |
12.1 | 5.1276332 | 3 |
12.2 | 5.5196671 | 3 |
12.3 | 5.5782037 | 3 |
12.4 | 4.7932771 | 3 |
12.5 | 6.2164024 | 3 |
12.6 | 4.6265963 | 3 |
12.7 | 4.2121017 | 3 |
12.8 | 4.8817165 | 3 |
12.9 | 5.7720953 | 3 |
13.0 | 6.0733992 | 3 |
13.1 | 5.2297857 | 3 |
13.2 | 5.2207233 | 3 |
13.3 | 5.1150863 | 3 |
13.4 | 4.8462101 | 3 |
13.5 | 5.7726171 | 3 |
13.6 | 5.0937406 | 3 |
13.7 | 5.5219255 | 3 |
13.8 | 4.9899616 | 3 |
13.9 | 4.6571133 | 3 |
14.0 | 5.3583938 | 3 |
14.1 | 5.0211983 | 3 |
14.2 | 5.1958630 | 3 |
14.3 | 5.1724611 | 3 |
14.4 | 4.2114527 | 3 |
14.5 | 5.0838226 | 3 |
14.6 | 5.7309010 | 3 |
14.7 | 4.0591995 | 3 |
14.8 | 5.1359444 | 3 |
14.9 | 5.6627074 | 3 |
15.0 | 5.4169574 | 3 |
15.1 | 5.5711730 | 3 |
15.2 | 5.8152360 | 3 |
15.3 | 5.3340494 | 3 |
15.4 | 6.2424920 | 3 |
15.5 | 4.7182300 | 3 |
15.6 | 4.6861292 | 3 |
15.7 | 5.3796112 | 3 |
15.8 | 5.7661641 | 3 |
15.9 | 5.0547383 | 3 |
16.0 | 5.4620826 | 3 |
16.1 | 5.8831067 | 3 |
16.2 | 5.8122128 | 3 |
16.3 | 4.8389883 | 3 |
16.4 | 5.7617571 | 3 |
16.5 | 6.4144201 | 3 |
16.6 | 4.7551144 | 3 |
16.7 | 5.2256448 | 3 |
16.8 | 6.1633816 | 3 |
16.9 | 5.2436003 | 3 |
17.0 | 5.5268111 | 3 |
17.1 | 5.1930026 | 3 |
17.2 | 6.2507035 | 3 |
17.3 | 5.8373753 | 3 |
17.4 | 5.7837106 | 3 |
17.5 | 6.0240273 | 3 |
17.6 | 5.2589481 | 3 |
17.7 | 6.1445171 | 3 |
17.8 | 6.0489145 | 3 |
17.9 | 5.6188351 | 3 |
18.0 | 6.5089375 | 3 |
18.1 | 4.8208734 | 3 |
18.2 | 4.9035197 | 3 |
18.3 | 6.1561971 | 3 |
18.4 | 6.4055629 | 3 |
18.5 | 5.9871373 | 3 |
18.6 | 6.3248277 | 3 |
18.7 | 6.2555741 | 3 |
18.8 | 5.9006944 | 3 |
18.9 | 6.2671171 | 3 |
19.0 | 6.2567137 | 3 |
19.1 | 5.8762616 | 3 |
19.2 | 5.2482943 | 3 |
19.3 | 5.7167335 | 3 |
19.4 | 6.7287840 | 3 |
19.5 | 6.0602022 | 3 |
19.6 | 6.1018933 | 3 |
19.7 | 6.0442733 | 3 |
19.8 | 5.9477853 | 3 |
19.9 | 5.8753184 | 3 |
20.0 | 6.1003917 | 3 |
1.0 | 0.8263978 | 4 |
1.1 | 0.0000000 | 4 |
1.2 | 0.1001846 | 4 |
1.3 | 0.6096924 | 4 |
1.4 | 1.1844638 | 4 |
1.5 | 1.8452396 | 4 |
1.6 | 0.1144277 | 4 |
1.7 | 0.4106690 | 4 |
1.8 | 1.0922974 | 4 |
1.9 | 0.7393934 | 4 |
2.0 | 0.6131035 | 4 |
2.1 | 0.8184833 | 4 |
2.2 | 0.1579396 | 4 |
2.3 | 1.6171478 | 4 |
2.4 | 1.5682026 | 4 |
2.5 | 2.2743573 | 4 |
2.6 | 2.5306406 | 4 |
2.7 | 2.0631874 | 4 |
2.8 | 1.8522140 | 4 |
2.9 | 1.6909511 | 4 |
3.0 | 2.9912811 | 4 |
3.1 | 1.2844711 | 4 |
3.2 | 1.7431069 | 4 |
3.3 | 2.6609164 | 4 |
3.4 | 2.3218347 | 4 |
3.5 | 2.0611993 | 4 |
3.6 | 3.2794656 | 4 |
3.7 | 3.1544599 | 4 |
3.8 | 2.2134864 | 4 |
3.9 | 2.4733789 | 4 |
4.0 | 2.5577772 | 4 |
4.1 | 2.2658200 | 4 |
4.2 | 3.5293659 | 4 |
4.3 | 3.5360267 | 4 |
4.4 | 2.3312609 | 4 |
4.5 | 2.5371814 | 4 |
4.6 | 2.6035379 | 4 |
4.7 | 3.5700833 | 4 |
4.8 | 2.1576437 | 4 |
4.9 | 3.5653621 | 4 |
5.0 | 2.8736805 | 4 |
5.1 | 3.5506211 | 4 |
5.2 | 2.8861844 | 4 |
5.3 | 2.7515928 | 4 |
5.4 | 3.4834374 | 4 |
5.5 | 2.8351747 | 4 |
5.6 | 4.7148145 | 4 |
5.7 | 4.1460465 | 4 |
5.8 | 4.0354605 | 4 |
5.9 | 3.3565561 | 4 |
6.0 | 3.7981987 | 4 |
6.1 | 4.0180726 | 4 |
6.2 | 2.6059161 | 4 |
6.3 | 3.5138455 | 4 |
6.4 | 3.3152234 | 4 |
6.5 | 4.7607542 | 4 |
6.6 | 3.1324909 | 4 |
6.7 | 3.5840540 | 4 |
6.8 | 3.9365227 | 4 |
6.9 | 3.4130869 | 4 |
7.0 | 4.3362721 | 4 |
7.1 | 3.8599850 | 4 |
7.2 | 4.4432416 | 4 |
7.3 | 4.9972620 | 4 |
7.4 | 2.9678028 | 4 |
7.5 | 4.3566353 | 4 |
7.6 | 3.6327217 | 4 |
7.7 | 4.3402644 | 4 |
7.8 | 4.2088303 | 4 |
7.9 | 4.1069506 | 4 |
8.0 | 4.8579085 | 4 |
8.1 | 4.0870640 | 4 |
8.2 | 4.1746340 | 4 |
8.3 | 5.1543049 | 4 |
8.4 | 3.7081336 | 4 |
8.5 | 4.5986457 | 4 |
8.6 | 3.5971702 | 4 |
8.7 | 4.1207807 | 4 |
8.8 | 4.5241659 | 4 |
8.9 | 2.8486387 | 4 |
9.0 | 5.4324189 | 4 |
9.1 | 4.0753439 | 4 |
9.2 | 5.0805449 | 4 |
9.3 | 3.9197364 | 4 |
9.4 | 4.8854203 | 4 |
9.5 | 4.8238564 | 4 |
9.6 | 5.3821074 | 4 |
9.7 | 4.2148651 | 4 |
9.8 | 4.4748464 | 4 |
9.9 | 4.6550989 | 4 |
10.0 | 3.7304219 | 4 |
10.1 | 4.1444882 | 4 |
10.2 | 4.3944070 | 4 |
10.3 | 5.3342980 | 4 |
10.4 | 5.2020243 | 4 |
10.5 | 4.7036563 | 4 |
10.6 | 4.9424356 | 4 |
10.7 | 5.0611919 | 4 |
10.8 | 4.4462762 | 4 |
10.9 | 5.0249215 | 4 |
11.0 | 4.3012400 | 4 |
11.1 | 4.4296575 | 4 |
11.2 | 4.0044020 | 4 |
11.3 | 5.1483791 | 4 |
11.4 | 4.3332359 | 4 |
11.5 | 5.3548678 | 4 |
11.6 | 4.5218690 | 4 |
11.7 | 4.7020040 | 4 |
11.8 | 4.2931917 | 4 |
11.9 | 4.1189995 | 4 |
12.0 | 4.4612586 | 4 |
12.1 | 3.5773645 | 4 |
12.2 | 5.0427927 | 4 |
12.3 | 5.2996529 | 4 |
12.4 | 4.7940346 | 4 |
12.5 | 4.7888243 | 4 |
12.6 | 5.5215998 | 4 |
12.7 | 5.4209783 | 4 |
12.8 | 4.2910485 | 4 |
12.9 | 5.0885519 | 4 |
13.0 | 5.5907097 | 4 |
13.1 | 5.3580230 | 4 |
13.2 | 5.4782419 | 4 |
13.3 | 5.5772155 | 4 |
13.4 | 5.1426084 | 4 |
13.5 | 5.1799623 | 4 |
13.6 | 4.8481732 | 4 |
13.7 | 5.1507262 | 4 |
13.8 | 5.6848760 | 4 |
13.9 | 5.6485054 | 4 |
14.0 | 4.8045129 | 4 |
14.1 | 6.1503455 | 4 |
14.2 | 6.5533033 | 4 |
14.3 | 4.8695495 | 4 |
14.4 | 5.4411387 | 4 |
14.5 | 4.9263243 | 4 |
14.6 | 6.2937331 | 4 |
14.7 | 5.6530374 | 4 |
14.8 | 4.5775214 | 4 |
14.9 | 5.3326185 | 4 |
15.0 | 5.6573052 | 4 |
15.1 | 6.4191520 | 4 |
15.2 | 5.9834344 | 4 |
15.3 | 5.4203056 | 4 |
15.4 | 5.1689647 | 4 |
15.5 | 5.6149435 | 4 |
15.6 | 4.0436487 | 4 |
15.7 | 6.3984484 | 4 |
15.8 | 5.4243605 | 4 |
15.9 | 5.4185572 | 4 |
16.0 | 5.4602913 | 4 |
16.1 | 4.8387716 | 4 |
16.2 | 6.1968025 | 4 |
16.3 | 5.2969344 | 4 |
16.4 | 5.4489912 | 4 |
16.5 | 4.6230418 | 4 |
16.6 | 5.2966799 | 4 |
16.7 | 4.9203604 | 4 |
16.8 | 5.0415645 | 4 |
16.9 | 5.7616574 | 4 |
17.0 | 6.4021133 | 4 |
17.1 | 4.5017563 | 4 |
17.2 | 5.0870353 | 4 |
17.3 | 5.2114629 | 4 |
17.4 | 4.7836360 | 4 |
17.5 | 5.3103541 | 4 |
17.6 | 5.8334850 | 4 |
17.7 | 6.1351812 | 4 |
17.8 | 6.1110756 | 4 |
17.9 | 6.3815218 | 4 |
18.0 | 6.4799874 | 4 |
18.1 | 6.0505562 | 4 |
18.2 | 5.6219479 | 4 |
18.3 | 4.7825595 | 4 |
18.4 | 5.4490729 | 4 |
18.5 | 5.9431966 | 4 |
18.6 | 5.7876583 | 4 |
18.7 | 4.9085273 | 4 |
18.8 | 5.6071615 | 4 |
18.9 | 5.2202029 | 4 |
19.0 | 6.6207614 | 4 |
19.1 | 5.0920201 | 4 |
19.2 | 6.3233587 | 4 |
19.3 | 5.3728781 | 4 |
19.4 | 5.5474889 | 4 |
19.5 | 6.8165529 | 4 |
19.6 | 6.1323154 | 4 |
19.7 | 5.1130112 | 4 |
19.8 | 5.5768659 | 4 |
19.9 | 5.8834743 | 4 |
20.0 | 6.1090498 | 4 |
1.0 | 0.1853714 | 5 |
1.1 | 0.2801548 | 5 |
1.2 | 0.0000000 | 5 |
1.3 | 0.7792620 | 5 |
1.4 | 0.1765113 | 5 |
1.5 | 0.7251459 | 5 |
1.6 | 1.3865273 | 5 |
1.7 | 1.8243998 | 5 |
1.8 | 1.6133945 | 5 |
1.9 | 1.6135004 | 5 |
2.0 | 1.3843388 | 5 |
2.1 | 1.1778464 | 5 |
2.2 | 2.2476878 | 5 |
2.3 | 0.5056933 | 5 |
2.4 | 1.5520914 | 5 |
2.5 | 2.2047597 | 5 |
2.6 | 1.9644353 | 5 |
2.7 | 2.0893044 | 5 |
2.8 | 2.2259703 | 5 |
2.9 | 2.0565928 | 5 |
3.0 | 2.1009268 | 5 |
3.1 | 2.2889067 | 5 |
3.2 | 1.4818829 | 5 |
3.3 | 2.3905250 | 5 |
3.4 | 2.8492344 | 5 |
3.5 | 2.2308808 | 5 |
3.6 | 2.8727679 | 5 |
3.7 | 3.7491028 | 5 |
3.8 | 2.6432657 | 5 |
3.9 | 2.7348477 | 5 |
4.0 | 3.4410048 | 5 |
4.1 | 2.4957845 | 5 |
4.2 | 3.5498723 | 5 |
4.3 | 3.2023138 | 5 |
4.4 | 2.9411414 | 5 |
4.5 | 3.4739345 | 5 |
4.6 | 3.9324880 | 5 |
4.7 | 3.6162633 | 5 |
4.8 | 4.4276329 | 5 |
4.9 | 2.7206597 | 5 |
5.0 | 3.6148032 | 5 |
5.1 | 3.4869642 | 5 |
5.2 | 3.2426970 | 5 |
5.3 | 3.2462164 | 5 |
5.4 | 3.2008023 | 5 |
5.5 | 3.8444832 | 5 |
5.6 | 3.5032487 | 5 |
5.7 | 3.0688072 | 5 |
5.8 | 3.7550012 | 5 |
5.9 | 2.2102756 | 5 |
6.0 | 2.7954261 | 5 |
6.1 | 3.3735968 | 5 |
6.2 | 3.1173600 | 5 |
6.3 | 3.8396596 | 5 |
6.4 | 4.0846472 | 5 |
6.5 | 3.7063600 | 5 |
6.6 | 3.6959169 | 5 |
6.7 | 3.4462722 | 5 |
6.8 | 4.2269473 | 5 |
6.9 | 4.2446698 | 5 |
7.0 | 4.6567589 | 5 |
7.1 | 4.6868771 | 5 |
7.2 | 3.5164404 | 5 |
7.3 | 4.9635381 | 5 |
7.4 | 3.5745906 | 5 |
7.5 | 3.2263784 | 5 |
7.6 | 4.1822962 | 5 |
7.7 | 4.4260652 | 5 |
7.8 | 4.0050943 | 5 |
7.9 | 4.2540136 | 5 |
8.0 | 4.5991632 | 5 |
8.1 | 4.8933124 | 5 |
8.2 | 3.9271998 | 5 |
8.3 | 4.3733969 | 5 |
8.4 | 4.0292509 | 5 |
8.5 | 3.8758217 | 5 |
8.6 | 4.4114468 | 5 |
8.7 | 3.7921264 | 5 |
8.8 | 4.7577192 | 5 |
8.9 | 4.7132420 | 5 |
9.0 | 3.7758795 | 5 |
9.1 | 4.1657777 | 5 |
9.2 | 4.9755659 | 5 |
9.3 | 3.6620074 | 5 |
9.4 | 3.9062275 | 5 |
9.5 | 4.7430272 | 5 |
9.6 | 4.8797611 | 5 |
9.7 | 4.7799521 | 5 |
9.8 | 5.1846760 | 5 |
9.9 | 4.4362107 | 5 |
10.0 | 4.0051486 | 5 |
10.1 | 3.5335989 | 5 |
10.2 | 4.1816224 | 5 |
10.3 | 5.9618965 | 5 |
10.4 | 4.2781876 | 5 |
10.5 | 4.6330472 | 5 |
10.6 | 5.7172364 | 5 |
10.7 | 5.1115145 | 5 |
10.8 | 4.2346599 | 5 |
10.9 | 4.8872975 | 5 |
11.0 | 5.1460688 | 5 |
11.1 | 4.4047086 | 5 |
11.2 | 5.7140485 | 5 |
11.3 | 5.5860486 | 5 |
11.4 | 5.3280470 | 5 |
11.5 | 5.0917713 | 5 |
11.6 | 4.4754481 | 5 |
11.7 | 5.4995174 | 5 |
11.8 | 5.3922171 | 5 |
11.9 | 4.8615195 | 5 |
12.0 | 5.4949167 | 5 |
12.1 | 4.4478380 | 5 |
12.2 | 4.8757358 | 5 |
12.3 | 4.9272029 | 5 |
12.4 | 4.9573884 | 5 |
12.5 | 5.1160022 | 5 |
12.6 | 5.2978911 | 5 |
12.7 | 4.8022632 | 5 |
12.8 | 5.1008516 | 5 |
12.9 | 5.8554597 | 5 |
13.0 | 5.6364732 | 5 |
13.1 | 5.1949063 | 5 |
13.2 | 6.3758200 | 5 |
13.3 | 5.9690335 | 5 |
13.4 | 5.6246627 | 5 |
13.5 | 4.8693430 | 5 |
13.6 | 5.4055985 | 5 |
13.7 | 6.5791532 | 5 |
13.8 | 5.2699793 | 5 |
13.9 | 5.1782605 | 5 |
14.0 | 4.9214974 | 5 |
14.1 | 5.3985779 | 5 |
14.2 | 4.9766661 | 5 |
14.3 | 6.4372766 | 5 |
14.4 | 5.2837018 | 5 |
14.5 | 5.5875799 | 5 |
14.6 | 4.8109770 | 5 |
14.7 | 5.7233301 | 5 |
14.8 | 5.6063343 | 5 |
14.9 | 5.8199099 | 5 |
15.0 | 5.2503384 | 5 |
15.1 | 5.8136381 | 5 |
15.2 | 5.0374236 | 5 |
15.3 | 4.9416444 | 5 |
15.4 | 5.2217156 | 5 |
15.5 | 5.7860358 | 5 |
15.6 | 5.0680947 | 5 |
15.7 | 5.4919428 | 5 |
15.8 | 5.4067640 | 5 |
15.9 | 5.9908319 | 5 |
16.0 | 5.6790717 | 5 |
16.1 | 5.0213257 | 5 |
16.2 | 5.6558224 | 5 |
16.3 | 5.1957966 | 5 |
16.4 | 5.7587032 | 5 |
16.5 | 5.1253855 | 5 |
16.6 | 6.1182592 | 5 |
16.7 | 5.4064077 | 5 |
16.8 | 5.3638153 | 5 |
16.9 | 6.1683471 | 5 |
17.0 | 5.6544865 | 5 |
17.1 | 5.7786062 | 5 |
17.2 | 4.9215487 | 5 |
17.3 | 5.4872077 | 5 |
17.4 | 5.4826042 | 5 |
17.5 | 5.3322755 | 5 |
17.6 | 5.3465362 | 5 |
17.7 | 6.3339787 | 5 |
17.8 | 5.7568901 | 5 |
17.9 | 5.1561210 | 5 |
18.0 | 4.7453666 | 5 |
18.1 | 5.7425763 | 5 |
18.2 | 5.8320272 | 5 |
18.3 | 5.7748530 | 5 |
18.4 | 5.5126039 | 5 |
18.5 | 6.1384494 | 5 |
18.6 | 6.3340875 | 5 |
18.7 | 5.7389460 | 5 |
18.8 | 4.5457435 | 5 |
18.9 | 6.0458820 | 5 |
19.0 | 6.3147900 | 5 |
19.1 | 5.8045709 | 5 |
19.2 | 6.1497407 | 5 |
19.3 | 6.2213792 | 5 |
19.4 | 5.7410030 | 5 |
19.5 | 6.1614704 | 5 |
19.6 | 4.9822119 | 5 |
19.7 | 6.1032951 | 5 |
19.8 | 6.1718058 | 5 |
19.9 | 4.9747730 | 5 |
20.0 | 5.9343665 | 5 |
1.0 | 0.0262794 | 6 |
1.1 | 0.2544885 | 6 |
1.2 | 0.4971644 | 6 |
1.3 | 0.3621036 | 6 |
1.4 | 0.6993402 | 6 |
1.5 | 0.6742737 | 6 |
1.6 | 0.5619025 | 6 |
1.7 | 1.7416932 | 6 |
1.8 | 1.1970805 | 6 |
1.9 | 1.5587911 | 6 |
2.0 | 2.0681237 | 6 |
2.1 | 1.0794851 | 6 |
2.2 | 1.5920675 | 6 |
2.3 | 1.5005558 | 6 |
2.4 | 2.3632439 | 6 |
2.5 | 1.5900079 | 6 |
2.6 | 2.4247952 | 6 |
2.7 | 1.9018287 | 6 |
2.8 | 2.1905568 | 6 |
2.9 | 1.8991043 | 6 |
3.0 | 2.5701719 | 6 |
3.1 | 2.8283496 | 6 |
3.2 | 3.0268137 | 6 |
3.3 | 2.8463603 | 6 |
3.4 | 1.1833220 | 6 |
3.5 | 3.2400448 | 6 |
3.6 | 2.7190824 | 6 |
3.7 | 2.3859288 | 6 |
3.8 | 2.7601706 | 6 |
3.9 | 2.6805973 | 6 |
4.0 | 2.6175162 | 6 |
4.1 | 2.5410091 | 6 |
4.2 | 2.9066621 | 6 |
4.3 | 2.4318442 | 6 |
4.4 | 2.3876147 | 6 |
4.5 | 2.6021670 | 6 |
4.6 | 2.3729078 | 6 |
4.7 | 3.2520721 | 6 |
4.8 | 3.3860143 | 6 |
4.9 | 2.7703204 | 6 |
5.0 | 3.6399024 | 6 |
5.1 | 2.9699586 | 6 |
5.2 | 3.1914465 | 6 |
5.3 | 4.1912797 | 6 |
5.4 | 2.8433034 | 6 |
5.5 | 3.0569925 | 6 |
5.6 | 3.0543114 | 6 |
5.7 | 3.4009179 | 6 |
5.8 | 4.2555400 | 6 |
5.9 | 3.5582496 | 6 |
6.0 | 3.2563817 | 6 |
6.1 | 2.7645736 | 6 |
6.2 | 4.4096094 | 6 |
6.3 | 3.5896280 | 6 |
6.4 | 4.6741763 | 6 |
6.5 | 3.7702984 | 6 |
6.6 | 3.1951069 | 6 |
6.7 | 3.3254428 | 6 |
6.8 | 5.3038572 | 6 |
6.9 | 3.6002636 | 6 |
7.0 | 4.5049081 | 6 |
7.1 | 4.6204189 | 6 |
7.2 | 4.2493836 | 6 |
7.3 | 4.8461796 | 6 |
7.4 | 3.2955959 | 6 |
7.5 | 4.1977894 | 6 |
7.6 | 4.6011146 | 6 |
7.7 | 4.1344699 | 6 |
7.8 | 4.9823641 | 6 |
7.9 | 4.9122597 | 6 |
8.0 | 4.1028200 | 6 |
8.1 | 4.0481465 | 6 |
8.2 | 4.3476548 | 6 |
8.3 | 4.3324158 | 6 |
8.4 | 4.0849783 | 6 |
8.5 | 3.9464906 | 6 |
8.6 | 4.1059580 | 6 |
8.7 | 3.7163546 | 6 |
8.8 | 4.7809112 | 6 |
8.9 | 3.8199036 | 6 |
9.0 | 4.5022979 | 6 |
9.1 | 5.3578307 | 6 |
9.2 | 4.0281966 | 6 |
9.3 | 4.5853033 | 6 |
9.4 | 4.4180919 | 6 |
9.5 | 4.3427693 | 6 |
9.6 | 6.0384418 | 6 |
9.7 | 5.3647894 | 6 |
9.8 | 4.0008776 | 6 |
9.9 | 4.9625764 | 6 |
10.0 | 4.1323826 | 6 |
10.1 | 4.3928851 | 6 |
10.2 | 4.5279273 | 6 |
10.3 | 4.7880717 | 6 |
10.4 | 5.0269985 | 6 |
10.5 | 5.0016915 | 6 |
10.6 | 4.9037586 | 6 |
10.7 | 5.3154280 | 6 |
10.8 | 5.5796363 | 6 |
10.9 | 5.3093420 | 6 |
11.0 | 5.3920543 | 6 |
11.1 | 5.6770876 | 6 |
11.2 | 4.4294110 | 6 |
11.3 | 4.7791375 | 6 |
11.4 | 5.5326339 | 6 |
11.5 | 6.7866242 | 6 |
11.6 | 4.8897853 | 6 |
11.7 | 5.1378782 | 6 |
11.8 | 5.0603441 | 6 |
11.9 | 4.5532473 | 6 |
12.0 | 5.3613681 | 6 |
12.1 | 4.4307244 | 6 |
12.2 | 5.4604250 | 6 |
12.3 | 4.3775593 | 6 |
12.4 | 5.6598606 | 6 |
12.5 | 4.9976233 | 6 |
12.6 | 4.5678266 | 6 |
12.7 | 5.7412318 | 6 |
12.8 | 5.0221831 | 6 |
12.9 | 5.0320305 | 6 |
13.0 | 5.4288943 | 6 |
13.1 | 4.8175950 | 6 |
13.2 | 5.1599044 | 6 |
13.3 | 5.8546787 | 6 |
13.4 | 5.0914374 | 6 |
13.5 | 4.8725089 | 6 |
13.6 | 6.2125330 | 6 |
13.7 | 4.9116179 | 6 |
13.8 | 5.7466004 | 6 |
13.9 | 5.1801888 | 6 |
14.0 | 5.5933117 | 6 |
14.1 | 5.1608277 | 6 |
14.2 | 5.4720383 | 6 |
14.3 | 5.6338899 | 6 |
14.4 | 5.1959523 | 6 |
14.5 | 5.6218604 | 6 |
14.6 | 6.0387149 | 6 |
14.7 | 4.7520105 | 6 |
14.8 | 5.3046546 | 6 |
14.9 | 5.1792880 | 6 |
15.0 | 5.0731210 | 6 |
15.1 | 4.9768226 | 6 |
15.2 | 4.8691979 | 6 |
15.3 | 5.7727605 | 6 |
15.4 | 5.5652588 | 6 |
15.5 | 5.6872858 | 6 |
15.6 | 5.9998810 | 6 |
15.7 | 5.8843429 | 6 |
15.8 | 5.9357662 | 6 |
15.9 | 5.6998480 | 6 |
16.0 | 5.6037566 | 6 |
16.1 | 4.6468758 | 6 |
16.2 | 5.7762169 | 6 |
16.3 | 4.5331996 | 6 |
16.4 | 5.4677698 | 6 |
16.5 | 5.4904022 | 6 |
16.6 | 6.0377729 | 6 |
16.7 | 6.1598474 | 6 |
16.8 | 5.4368362 | 6 |
16.9 | 6.1092951 | 6 |
17.0 | 5.5441249 | 6 |
17.1 | 6.1130242 | 6 |
17.2 | 5.8552585 | 6 |
17.3 | 5.3639971 | 6 |
17.4 | 6.2530032 | 6 |
17.5 | 5.7932206 | 6 |
17.6 | 5.0437788 | 6 |
17.7 | 6.3952647 | 6 |
17.8 | 5.5179282 | 6 |
17.9 | 5.3206812 | 6 |
18.0 | 6.1038189 | 6 |
18.1 | 5.8841529 | 6 |
18.2 | 6.4304609 | 6 |
18.3 | 5.2544712 | 6 |
18.4 | 5.2342570 | 6 |
18.5 | 5.0526649 | 6 |
18.6 | 5.7600291 | 6 |
18.7 | 5.9491622 | 6 |
18.8 | 6.0502655 | 6 |
18.9 | 6.4417868 | 6 |
19.0 | 5.3922662 | 6 |
19.1 | 5.5323821 | 6 |
19.2 | 5.9835851 | 6 |
19.3 | 5.8349853 | 6 |
19.4 | 6.0831875 | 6 |
19.5 | 5.5803578 | 6 |
19.6 | 5.6914309 | 6 |
19.7 | 5.3575665 | 6 |
19.8 | 6.3591859 | 6 |
19.9 | 6.0078736 | 6 |
20.0 | 6.8611965 | 6 |
1.0 | 0.0000000 | 7 |
1.1 | 0.0000000 | 7 |
1.2 | 0.0000000 | 7 |
1.3 | 0.4841152 | 7 |
1.4 | 0.3196697 | 7 |
1.5 | 1.0973791 | 7 |
1.6 | 1.6378216 | 7 |
1.7 | 1.5052680 | 7 |
1.8 | 0.8032678 | 7 |
1.9 | 1.2664848 | 7 |
2.0 | 0.6364225 | 7 |
2.1 | 2.1573137 | 7 |
2.2 | 1.1009630 | 7 |
2.3 | 1.8451757 | 7 |
2.4 | 1.6817651 | 7 |
2.5 | 1.5402983 | 7 |
2.6 | 2.3906470 | 7 |
2.7 | 2.4644879 | 7 |
2.8 | 2.3296899 | 7 |
2.9 | 2.0472200 | 7 |
3.0 | 1.5518934 | 7 |
3.1 | 2.4840934 | 7 |
3.2 | 1.9196659 | 7 |
3.3 | 1.8798085 | 7 |
3.4 | 2.0737967 | 7 |
3.5 | 2.1227202 | 7 |
3.6 | 1.8045032 | 7 |
3.7 | 2.6807221 | 7 |
3.8 | 2.4236338 | 7 |
3.9 | 2.7007768 | 7 |
4.0 | 3.0048854 | 7 |
4.1 | 2.9986106 | 7 |
4.2 | 2.6099674 | 7 |
4.3 | 3.1813003 | 7 |
4.4 | 2.7110758 | 7 |
4.5 | 3.2978867 | 7 |
4.6 | 2.9593290 | 7 |
4.7 | 2.4935782 | 7 |
4.8 | 2.2094206 | 7 |
4.9 | 2.7712734 | 7 |
5.0 | 3.2643341 | 7 |
5.1 | 3.7274437 | 7 |
5.2 | 2.8964396 | 7 |
5.3 | 3.9849019 | 7 |
5.4 | 3.2963041 | 7 |
5.5 | 3.1198167 | 7 |
5.6 | 3.7600922 | 7 |
5.7 | 3.0703962 | 7 |
5.8 | 3.5579147 | 7 |
5.9 | 3.7717048 | 7 |
6.0 | 4.0216635 | 7 |
6.1 | 2.8929299 | 7 |
6.2 | 3.7315734 | 7 |
6.3 | 2.9735919 | 7 |
6.4 | 3.6216947 | 7 |
6.5 | 3.8416815 | 7 |
6.6 | 4.2299800 | 7 |
6.7 | 4.0156829 | 7 |
6.8 | 3.9033101 | 7 |
6.9 | 4.2142294 | 7 |
7.0 | 4.7009891 | 7 |
7.1 | 3.0957884 | 7 |
7.2 | 4.2888281 | 7 |
7.3 | 4.4994262 | 7 |
7.4 | 3.9926567 | 7 |
7.5 | 4.0089913 | 7 |
7.6 | 3.5462550 | 7 |
7.7 | 3.8351926 | 7 |
7.8 | 4.2560812 | 7 |
7.9 | 4.0267194 | 7 |
8.0 | 3.4933602 | 7 |
8.1 | 4.6960085 | 7 |
8.2 | 3.5734798 | 7 |
8.3 | 3.8070681 | 7 |
8.4 | 4.5179746 | 7 |
8.5 | 3.2074187 | 7 |
8.6 | 4.5769923 | 7 |
8.7 | 4.3893586 | 7 |
8.8 | 3.7305670 | 7 |
8.9 | 4.2476630 | 7 |
9.0 | 4.8930683 | 7 |
9.1 | 3.4373070 | 7 |
9.2 | 4.6072358 | 7 |
9.3 | 4.8182671 | 7 |
9.4 | 4.0816798 | 7 |
9.5 | 4.2698925 | 7 |
9.6 | 4.3095825 | 7 |
9.7 | 5.0394981 | 7 |
9.8 | 4.1312051 | 7 |
9.9 | 3.9547601 | 7 |
10.0 | 5.3185304 | 7 |
10.1 | 4.8679798 | 7 |
10.2 | 4.8817695 | 7 |
10.3 | 5.4411613 | 7 |
10.4 | 5.9246095 | 7 |
10.5 | 4.1979058 | 7 |
10.6 | 5.6781177 | 7 |
10.7 | 4.0755789 | 7 |
10.8 | 4.5715518 | 7 |
10.9 | 4.7143584 | 7 |
11.0 | 5.1267140 | 7 |
11.1 | 5.7326632 | 7 |
11.2 | 5.3360227 | 7 |
11.3 | 4.6237888 | 7 |
11.4 | 5.0566785 | 7 |
11.5 | 5.7310945 | 7 |
11.6 | 4.7635952 | 7 |
11.7 | 4.8919803 | 7 |
11.8 | 5.4116616 | 7 |
11.9 | 4.7659609 | 7 |
12.0 | 4.9388212 | 7 |
12.1 | 5.5394453 | 7 |
12.2 | 5.3901657 | 7 |
12.3 | 5.1475081 | 7 |
12.4 | 5.7850795 | 7 |
12.5 | 5.1293331 | 7 |
12.6 | 5.3846378 | 7 |
12.7 | 5.2560194 | 7 |
12.8 | 4.8850221 | 7 |
12.9 | 4.8653886 | 7 |
13.0 | 3.8736871 | 7 |
13.1 | 4.8909627 | 7 |
13.2 | 4.2262451 | 7 |
13.3 | 5.1711513 | 7 |
13.4 | 4.4766758 | 7 |
13.5 | 5.2074209 | 7 |
13.6 | 5.8845222 | 7 |
13.7 | 5.0025867 | 7 |
13.8 | 5.0725354 | 7 |
13.9 | 4.6107522 | 7 |
14.0 | 5.0005798 | 7 |
14.1 | 4.5153051 | 7 |
14.2 | 6.2463392 | 7 |
14.3 | 5.5861816 | 7 |
14.4 | 5.5097745 | 7 |
14.5 | 5.2237488 | 7 |
14.6 | 5.4504326 | 7 |
14.7 | 5.5555745 | 7 |
14.8 | 5.4013750 | 7 |
14.9 | 4.8189412 | 7 |
15.0 | 5.6939415 | 7 |
15.1 | 4.7489730 | 7 |
15.2 | 5.6700058 | 7 |
15.3 | 5.3309314 | 7 |
15.4 | 5.0708194 | 7 |
15.5 | 4.9276601 | 7 |
15.6 | 5.3547232 | 7 |
15.7 | 5.9379966 | 7 |
15.8 | 5.9360259 | 7 |
15.9 | 6.1404166 | 7 |
16.0 | 6.1183156 | 7 |
16.1 | 5.0598426 | 7 |
16.2 | 4.3802986 | 7 |
16.3 | 5.3208758 | 7 |
16.4 | 5.5311064 | 7 |
16.5 | 6.0801580 | 7 |
16.6 | 6.1165824 | 7 |
16.7 | 5.5466350 | 7 |
16.8 | 4.8771387 | 7 |
16.9 | 4.9023636 | 7 |
17.0 | 5.6979342 | 7 |
17.1 | 5.3626539 | 7 |
17.2 | 5.4557420 | 7 |
17.3 | 5.5612437 | 7 |
17.4 | 6.1254546 | 7 |
17.5 | 5.5103678 | 7 |
17.6 | 6.5133132 | 7 |
17.7 | 5.1364022 | 7 |
17.8 | 5.4293974 | 7 |
17.9 | 6.8320895 | 7 |
18.0 | 6.6187095 | 7 |
18.1 | 5.9647524 | 7 |
18.2 | 6.5967952 | 7 |
18.3 | 5.3798092 | 7 |
18.4 | 6.2702765 | 7 |
18.5 | 5.7036891 | 7 |
18.6 | 6.0086020 | 7 |
18.7 | 5.0383386 | 7 |
18.8 | 5.6949357 | 7 |
18.9 | 5.1522053 | 7 |
19.0 | 5.1210768 | 7 |
19.1 | 4.9914782 | 7 |
19.2 | 4.9938679 | 7 |
19.3 | 6.2201013 | 7 |
19.4 | 5.2461310 | 7 |
19.5 | 6.6287702 | 7 |
19.6 | 6.4081809 | 7 |
19.7 | 5.6596255 | 7 |
19.8 | 5.9472626 | 7 |
19.9 | 5.9918845 | 7 |
20.0 | 5.4970142 | 7 |
1.0 | 0.2637329 | 8 |
1.1 | 0.0000000 | 8 |
1.2 | 1.1379709 | 8 |
1.3 | 0.7434839 | 8 |
1.4 | 0.6852758 | 8 |
1.5 | 0.8709083 | 8 |
1.6 | 0.5630826 | 8 |
1.7 | 1.7101024 | 8 |
1.8 | 0.6297539 | 8 |
1.9 | 0.3677419 | 8 |
2.0 | 1.5132383 | 8 |
2.1 | 1.2591269 | 8 |
2.2 | 1.6010425 | 8 |
2.3 | 1.8389321 | 8 |
2.4 | 1.6845744 | 8 |
2.5 | 2.3251439 | 8 |
2.6 | 1.8443402 | 8 |
2.7 | 1.8209817 | 8 |
2.8 | 2.1701721 | 8 |
2.9 | 2.7033104 | 8 |
3.0 | 1.6581427 | 8 |
3.1 | 2.2672888 | 8 |
3.2 | 1.8332107 | 8 |
3.3 | 1.6394249 | 8 |
3.4 | 2.4705713 | 8 |
3.5 | 3.3286769 | 8 |
3.6 | 2.8900815 | 8 |
3.7 | 2.3945826 | 8 |
3.8 | 2.4706671 | 8 |
3.9 | 2.1945442 | 8 |
4.0 | 1.9718287 | 8 |
4.1 | 3.5557659 | 8 |
4.2 | 3.5267579 | 8 |
4.3 | 3.2421274 | 8 |
4.4 | 2.7882353 | 8 |
4.5 | 3.1737953 | 8 |
4.6 | 3.4307667 | 8 |
4.7 | 2.8251656 | 8 |
4.8 | 3.4258258 | 8 |
4.9 | 2.6209774 | 8 |
5.0 | 3.4323297 | 8 |
5.1 | 4.0472972 | 8 |
5.2 | 3.7844494 | 8 |
5.3 | 2.9921487 | 8 |
5.4 | 3.5071537 | 8 |
5.5 | 3.5873641 | 8 |
5.6 | 2.9599300 | 8 |
5.7 | 3.6662265 | 8 |
5.8 | 4.0913421 | 8 |
5.9 | 3.6064848 | 8 |
6.0 | 3.5737561 | 8 |
6.1 | 4.0697443 | 8 |
6.2 | 3.6220674 | 8 |
6.3 | 2.8949855 | 8 |
6.4 | 2.4465198 | 8 |
6.5 | 4.0856246 | 8 |
6.6 | 4.5402849 | 8 |
6.7 | 3.2492818 | 8 |
6.8 | 3.1477810 | 8 |
6.9 | 4.2523080 | 8 |
7.0 | 3.5651909 | 8 |
7.1 | 4.2922528 | 8 |
7.2 | 3.3199455 | 8 |
7.3 | 4.2045164 | 8 |
7.4 | 3.8945037 | 8 |
7.5 | 3.9207198 | 8 |
7.6 | 4.8725417 | 8 |
7.7 | 4.1871446 | 8 |
7.8 | 4.3447749 | 8 |
7.9 | 3.1909447 | 8 |
8.0 | 4.5752787 | 8 |
8.1 | 4.1285085 | 8 |
8.2 | 3.5200917 | 8 |
8.3 | 4.1073293 | 8 |
8.4 | 4.3742896 | 8 |
8.5 | 3.9701123 | 8 |
8.6 | 4.6746140 | 8 |
8.7 | 4.7571878 | 8 |
8.8 | 5.1545555 | 8 |
8.9 | 4.3536705 | 8 |
9.0 | 3.9550492 | 8 |
9.1 | 4.4180930 | 8 |
9.2 | 4.3969184 | 8 |
9.3 | 4.7380600 | 8 |
9.4 | 4.8102780 | 8 |
9.5 | 5.1839858 | 8 |
9.6 | 4.3691398 | 8 |
9.7 | 3.9689462 | 8 |
9.8 | 4.1713911 | 8 |
9.9 | 6.1946191 | 8 |
10.0 | 4.2782954 | 8 |
10.1 | 5.3395290 | 8 |
10.2 | 4.4085714 | 8 |
10.3 | 4.1119022 | 8 |
10.4 | 4.6907557 | 8 |
10.5 | 4.9503402 | 8 |
10.6 | 4.1034527 | 8 |
10.7 | 4.8001151 | 8 |
10.8 | 4.4182345 | 8 |
10.9 | 4.7114759 | 8 |
11.0 | 5.4027430 | 8 |
11.1 | 4.9050912 | 8 |
11.2 | 5.5279277 | 8 |
11.3 | 4.8463534 | 8 |
11.4 | 4.9830815 | 8 |
11.5 | 5.4586005 | 8 |
11.6 | 4.8598037 | 8 |
11.7 | 5.1944851 | 8 |
11.8 | 6.0807306 | 8 |
11.9 | 4.2164276 | 8 |
12.0 | 4.4157511 | 8 |
12.1 | 4.5986673 | 8 |
12.2 | 4.2216068 | 8 |
12.3 | 5.2153414 | 8 |
12.4 | 5.1662891 | 8 |
12.5 | 4.8742105 | 8 |
12.6 | 4.6623181 | 8 |
12.7 | 5.2371759 | 8 |
12.8 | 5.4968158 | 8 |
12.9 | 5.0084142 | 8 |
13.0 | 5.6659966 | 8 |
13.1 | 4.6391313 | 8 |
13.2 | 4.5376336 | 8 |
13.3 | 5.4538088 | 8 |
13.4 | 4.5753497 | 8 |
13.5 | 5.0505976 | 8 |
13.6 | 5.7101980 | 8 |
13.7 | 5.2365632 | 8 |
13.8 | 5.6454038 | 8 |
13.9 | 6.0238507 | 8 |
14.0 | 6.5880172 | 8 |
14.1 | 5.2865275 | 8 |
14.2 | 4.9921540 | 8 |
14.3 | 5.5070522 | 8 |
14.4 | 5.8988645 | 8 |
14.5 | 5.5179461 | 8 |
14.6 | 4.9275736 | 8 |
14.7 | 4.5803244 | 8 |
14.8 | 4.9942961 | 8 |
14.9 | 6.3933806 | 8 |
15.0 | 5.6349448 | 8 |
15.1 | 6.2443514 | 8 |
15.2 | 5.2214138 | 8 |
15.3 | 5.2547725 | 8 |
15.4 | 5.4992910 | 8 |
15.5 | 5.3648423 | 8 |
15.6 | 5.4444712 | 8 |
15.7 | 6.0489455 | 8 |
15.8 | 5.9993334 | 8 |
15.9 | 5.1642276 | 8 |
16.0 | 5.5152172 | 8 |
16.1 | 4.8951689 | 8 |
16.2 | 4.7093080 | 8 |
16.3 | 5.0461742 | 8 |
16.4 | 6.4750926 | 8 |
16.5 | 5.7714442 | 8 |
16.6 | 4.6527420 | 8 |
16.7 | 6.2050944 | 8 |
16.8 | 6.4166436 | 8 |
16.9 | 5.5418774 | 8 |
17.0 | 6.2379380 | 8 |
17.1 | 5.7964839 | 8 |
17.2 | 5.7060739 | 8 |
17.3 | 6.2214617 | 8 |
17.4 | 5.9496170 | 8 |
17.5 | 5.5619822 | 8 |
17.6 | 5.0601782 | 8 |
17.7 | 5.6417760 | 8 |
17.8 | 6.3599570 | 8 |
17.9 | 6.5987354 | 8 |
18.0 | 5.3095227 | 8 |
18.1 | 6.1443900 | 8 |
18.2 | 6.3068334 | 8 |
18.3 | 5.8818473 | 8 |
18.4 | 5.7953902 | 8 |
18.5 | 5.5693733 | 8 |
18.6 | 5.1725516 | 8 |
18.7 | 5.5200906 | 8 |
18.8 | 5.0611250 | 8 |
18.9 | 6.5466594 | 8 |
19.0 | 6.3913536 | 8 |
19.1 | 5.9549565 | 8 |
19.2 | 4.8679901 | 8 |
19.3 | 5.9965164 | 8 |
19.4 | 6.0407335 | 8 |
19.5 | 5.1808737 | 8 |
19.6 | 6.3576453 | 8 |
19.7 | 6.3757369 | 8 |
19.8 | 6.2011792 | 8 |
19.9 | 5.9527767 | 8 |
20.0 | 6.1171464 | 8 |
1.0 | 0.2746659 | 9 |
1.1 | 0.3054482 | 9 |
1.2 | 0.5247030 | 9 |
1.3 | 0.7433015 | 9 |
1.4 | 0.0000000 | 9 |
1.5 | 1.1495239 | 9 |
1.6 | 1.2211769 | 9 |
1.7 | 0.9554676 | 9 |
1.8 | 1.5345017 | 9 |
1.9 | 0.1161525 | 9 |
2.0 | 1.6497638 | 9 |
2.1 | 1.0327538 | 9 |
2.2 | 2.1794833 | 9 |
2.3 | 0.8095620 | 9 |
2.4 | 1.0294894 | 9 |
2.5 | 2.3626843 | 9 |
2.6 | 2.8481984 | 9 |
2.7 | 1.2668714 | 9 |
2.8 | 2.6438399 | 9 |
2.9 | 2.5068791 | 9 |
3.0 | 1.7347432 | 9 |
3.1 | 2.6067205 | 9 |
3.2 | 1.8639833 | 9 |
3.3 | 3.1007196 | 9 |
3.4 | 2.5526126 | 9 |
3.5 | 2.2606917 | 9 |
3.6 | 3.1135336 | 9 |
3.7 | 2.0914672 | 9 |
3.8 | 2.5902585 | 9 |
3.9 | 2.2366543 | 9 |
4.0 | 2.3356737 | 9 |
4.1 | 2.8518862 | 9 |
4.2 | 3.3300505 | 9 |
4.3 | 2.1498974 | 9 |
4.4 | 2.7212917 | 9 |
4.5 | 2.6130351 | 9 |
4.6 | 3.4340525 | 9 |
4.7 | 3.7898636 | 9 |
4.8 | 3.6066417 | 9 |
4.9 | 3.8544378 | 9 |
5.0 | 4.2171060 | 9 |
5.1 | 3.6350564 | 9 |
5.2 | 3.1265732 | 9 |
5.3 | 3.1112001 | 9 |
5.4 | 3.8617758 | 9 |
5.5 | 3.8041098 | 9 |
5.6 | 3.8381740 | 9 |
5.7 | 3.3569593 | 9 |
5.8 | 3.6120622 | 9 |
5.9 | 3.1310956 | 9 |
6.0 | 2.9586762 | 9 |
6.1 | 4.3017928 | 9 |
6.2 | 2.8547943 | 9 |
6.3 | 3.5313160 | 9 |
6.4 | 3.9226189 | 9 |
6.5 | 4.0650703 | 9 |
6.6 | 3.0075575 | 9 |
6.7 | 3.4056835 | 9 |
6.8 | 3.5796915 | 9 |
6.9 | 4.9875666 | 9 |
7.0 | 3.5458533 | 9 |
7.1 | 3.4257991 | 9 |
7.2 | 3.5914997 | 9 |
7.3 | 4.1021231 | 9 |
7.4 | 4.1124558 | 9 |
7.5 | 4.6263927 | 9 |
7.6 | 3.3053973 | 9 |
7.7 | 4.8296610 | 9 |
7.8 | 3.2844270 | 9 |
7.9 | 4.8325752 | 9 |
8.0 | 3.3423895 | 9 |
8.1 | 4.5322985 | 9 |
8.2 | 4.1920247 | 9 |
8.3 | 5.0797574 | 9 |
8.4 | 4.7953461 | 9 |
8.5 | 3.2561048 | 9 |
8.6 | 4.5080345 | 9 |
8.7 | 4.2174803 | 9 |
8.8 | 4.6742192 | 9 |
8.9 | 4.0629571 | 9 |
9.0 | 4.9310531 | 9 |
9.1 | 4.5790735 | 9 |
9.2 | 4.7955190 | 9 |
9.3 | 4.3169750 | 9 |
9.4 | 3.7037603 | 9 |
9.5 | 4.3406618 | 9 |
9.6 | 4.8293847 | 9 |
9.7 | 4.1599602 | 9 |
9.8 | 4.9323531 | 9 |
9.9 | 4.6939747 | 9 |
10.0 | 4.5838992 | 9 |
10.1 | 5.0684756 | 9 |
10.2 | 5.7703224 | 9 |
10.3 | 5.0154066 | 9 |
10.4 | 3.9234994 | 9 |
10.5 | 4.6768271 | 9 |
10.6 | 4.8572523 | 9 |
10.7 | 5.0353143 | 9 |
10.8 | 3.9840039 | 9 |
10.9 | 4.7871530 | 9 |
11.0 | 4.9135602 | 9 |
11.1 | 5.4975023 | 9 |
11.2 | 4.8125743 | 9 |
11.3 | 5.5351294 | 9 |
11.4 | 5.0556690 | 9 |
11.5 | 5.9125114 | 9 |
11.6 | 5.4454349 | 9 |
11.7 | 4.4598181 | 9 |
11.8 | 5.5814059 | 9 |
11.9 | 5.4159903 | 9 |
12.0 | 5.0761548 | 9 |
12.1 | 4.9591194 | 9 |
12.2 | 5.1901186 | 9 |
12.3 | 5.0815466 | 9 |
12.4 | 4.9919256 | 9 |
12.5 | 5.7228126 | 9 |
12.6 | 4.9042425 | 9 |
12.7 | 4.9053753 | 9 |
12.8 | 5.2524411 | 9 |
12.9 | 4.7924517 | 9 |
13.0 | 5.0864785 | 9 |
13.1 | 4.9482354 | 9 |
13.2 | 5.2993025 | 9 |
13.3 | 4.9107984 | 9 |
13.4 | 4.8284729 | 9 |
13.5 | 5.5806332 | 9 |
13.6 | 4.5893311 | 9 |
13.7 | 5.3444914 | 9 |
13.8 | 5.0129099 | 9 |
13.9 | 5.2067996 | 9 |
14.0 | 5.5745007 | 9 |
14.1 | 5.1128774 | 9 |
14.2 | 5.1071475 | 9 |
14.3 | 5.7267420 | 9 |
14.4 | 5.8228893 | 9 |
14.5 | 5.9861191 | 9 |
14.6 | 5.8697661 | 9 |
14.7 | 4.8683628 | 9 |
14.8 | 5.2689974 | 9 |
14.9 | 5.7423226 | 9 |
15.0 | 5.5827177 | 9 |
15.1 | 5.4744314 | 9 |
15.2 | 5.1547966 | 9 |
15.3 | 6.0212135 | 9 |
15.4 | 4.8067366 | 9 |
15.5 | 5.6877246 | 9 |
15.6 | 6.1473974 | 9 |
15.7 | 6.0795881 | 9 |
15.8 | 5.0086977 | 9 |
15.9 | 6.3593753 | 9 |
16.0 | 5.2611751 | 9 |
16.1 | 6.3721902 | 9 |
16.2 | 6.0007020 | 9 |
16.3 | 5.0657974 | 9 |
16.4 | 5.5147574 | 9 |
16.5 | 4.5914290 | 9 |
16.6 | 5.7420305 | 9 |
16.7 | 5.0144845 | 9 |
16.8 | 6.4453086 | 9 |
16.9 | 6.1421172 | 9 |
17.0 | 6.0425350 | 9 |
17.1 | 5.8165962 | 9 |
17.2 | 5.3374806 | 9 |
17.3 | 5.8812792 | 9 |
17.4 | 5.6796044 | 9 |
17.5 | 6.5916372 | 9 |
17.6 | 5.7557016 | 9 |
17.7 | 6.4760726 | 9 |
17.8 | 5.4825294 | 9 |
17.9 | 5.7274168 | 9 |
18.0 | 5.7656694 | 9 |
18.1 | 6.2602231 | 9 |
18.2 | 5.8222667 | 9 |
18.3 | 5.9979912 | 9 |
18.4 | 6.2889938 | 9 |
18.5 | 5.4286690 | 9 |
18.6 | 5.9746099 | 9 |
18.7 | 5.8267860 | 9 |
18.8 | 5.0110259 | 9 |
18.9 | 6.2552873 | 9 |
19.0 | 6.2610541 | 9 |
19.1 | 6.5630060 | 9 |
19.2 | 5.5397358 | 9 |
19.3 | 5.5737149 | 9 |
19.4 | 4.6955698 | 9 |
19.5 | 5.9179522 | 9 |
19.6 | 5.9912870 | 9 |
19.7 | 6.0362148 | 9 |
19.8 | 5.6974151 | 9 |
19.9 | 5.7467957 | 9 |
20.0 | 5.5299438 | 9 |
1.0 | 0.0000000 | 10 |
1.1 | 0.5281055 | 10 |
1.2 | 0.7333987 | 10 |
1.3 | 0.4241607 | 10 |
1.4 | 1.2422165 | 10 |
1.5 | 1.2885146 | 10 |
1.6 | 0.4252473 | 10 |
1.7 | 1.6156305 | 10 |
1.8 | 1.6111299 | 10 |
1.9 | 1.3561403 | 10 |
2.0 | 1.0602752 | 10 |
2.1 | 1.9594398 | 10 |
2.2 | 1.8441609 | 10 |
2.3 | 1.9058241 | 10 |
2.4 | 0.9532264 | 10 |
2.5 | 1.2664120 | 10 |
2.6 | 1.7662495 | 10 |
2.7 | 1.7572006 | 10 |
2.8 | 2.2931171 | 10 |
2.9 | 1.6708725 | 10 |
3.0 | 2.0713153 | 10 |
3.1 | 1.5731976 | 10 |
3.2 | 3.0633903 | 10 |
3.3 | 2.4400280 | 10 |
3.4 | 2.2664301 | 10 |
3.5 | 3.0999150 | 10 |
3.6 | 3.2285894 | 10 |
3.7 | 2.9742530 | 10 |
3.8 | 3.1080105 | 10 |
3.9 | 2.2386358 | 10 |
4.0 | 2.7067788 | 10 |
4.1 | 1.6106018 | 10 |
4.2 | 3.2954564 | 10 |
4.3 | 2.6713322 | 10 |
4.4 | 2.0432379 | 10 |
4.5 | 2.4730489 | 10 |
4.6 | 3.8511892 | 10 |
4.7 | 1.8326230 | 10 |
4.8 | 3.2824467 | 10 |
4.9 | 2.6485146 | 10 |
5.0 | 3.1804510 | 10 |
5.1 | 3.2354346 | 10 |
5.2 | 3.2474023 | 10 |
5.3 | 2.6577936 | 10 |
5.4 | 3.4639857 | 10 |
5.5 | 4.2500369 | 10 |
5.6 | 3.7825431 | 10 |
5.7 | 4.2033736 | 10 |
5.8 | 3.6126966 | 10 |
5.9 | 2.8105370 | 10 |
6.0 | 4.1598222 | 10 |
6.1 | 4.3949792 | 10 |
6.2 | 3.6185796 | 10 |
6.3 | 3.3080248 | 10 |
6.4 | 3.0543309 | 10 |
6.5 | 4.3485590 | 10 |
6.6 | 4.4074896 | 10 |
6.7 | 3.2616218 | 10 |
6.8 | 4.0203881 | 10 |
6.9 | 3.8190128 | 10 |
7.0 | 3.4092902 | 10 |
7.1 | 3.7233727 | 10 |
7.2 | 4.1951204 | 10 |
7.3 | 3.3731331 | 10 |
7.4 | 4.8439357 | 10 |
7.5 | 4.2652272 | 10 |
7.6 | 4.5091689 | 10 |
7.7 | 3.8318370 | 10 |
7.8 | 4.1639182 | 10 |
7.9 | 4.9731673 | 10 |
8.0 | 4.2424694 | 10 |
8.1 | 4.0483675 | 10 |
8.2 | 4.4643366 | 10 |
8.3 | 4.0423237 | 10 |
8.4 | 4.9517708 | 10 |
8.5 | 3.3520006 | 10 |
8.6 | 4.1157802 | 10 |
8.7 | 3.4996229 | 10 |
8.8 | 4.7915170 | 10 |
8.9 | 4.2023699 | 10 |
9.0 | 3.6407977 | 10 |
9.1 | 3.5942422 | 10 |
9.2 | 5.1513768 | 10 |
9.3 | 4.9837401 | 10 |
9.4 | 4.5230741 | 10 |
9.5 | 4.9114656 | 10 |
9.6 | 4.5926218 | 10 |
9.7 | 4.3181463 | 10 |
9.8 | 4.1933943 | 10 |
9.9 | 5.0890814 | 10 |
10.0 | 4.8817159 | 10 |
10.1 | 4.3726606 | 10 |
10.2 | 4.4570944 | 10 |
10.3 | 3.9608123 | 10 |
10.4 | 4.8713712 | 10 |
10.5 | 4.9903498 | 10 |
10.6 | 4.6031050 | 10 |
10.7 | 4.5422266 | 10 |
10.8 | 5.9363991 | 10 |
10.9 | 3.9851586 | 10 |
11.0 | 4.9182651 | 10 |
11.1 | 4.6836364 | 10 |
11.2 | 3.7164393 | 10 |
11.3 | 5.1213488 | 10 |
11.4 | 4.4891527 | 10 |
11.5 | 4.3252334 | 10 |
11.6 | 4.6047569 | 10 |
11.7 | 4.3305943 | 10 |
11.8 | 4.6482369 | 10 |
11.9 | 4.7856763 | 10 |
12.0 | 4.3464388 | 10 |
12.1 | 4.2716717 | 10 |
12.2 | 5.5520018 | 10 |
12.3 | 5.3552309 | 10 |
12.4 | 5.3990533 | 10 |
12.5 | 4.6184803 | 10 |
12.6 | 5.0671919 | 10 |
12.7 | 5.1281036 | 10 |
12.8 | 4.9018121 | 10 |
12.9 | 5.2317811 | 10 |
13.0 | 5.2768839 | 10 |
13.1 | 5.6593555 | 10 |
13.2 | 5.2676375 | 10 |
13.3 | 4.4276979 | 10 |
13.4 | 5.0524852 | 10 |
13.5 | 5.0216764 | 10 |
13.6 | 6.1495469 | 10 |
13.7 | 4.8864461 | 10 |
13.8 | 5.4699849 | 10 |
13.9 | 5.2748574 | 10 |
14.0 | 4.9686056 | 10 |
14.1 | 4.5446874 | 10 |
14.2 | 5.4747998 | 10 |
14.3 | 5.6929804 | 10 |
14.4 | 4.5242593 | 10 |
14.5 | 5.3641591 | 10 |
14.6 | 5.7241734 | 10 |
14.7 | 4.8655047 | 10 |
14.8 | 4.8955074 | 10 |
14.9 | 4.5379627 | 10 |
15.0 | 5.1996864 | 10 |
15.1 | 6.1292997 | 10 |
15.2 | 6.4934299 | 10 |
15.3 | 5.8590035 | 10 |
15.4 | 5.8276315 | 10 |
15.5 | 5.9894347 | 10 |
15.6 | 5.5030708 | 10 |
15.7 | 5.3084604 | 10 |
15.8 | 5.2946085 | 10 |
15.9 | 5.4774170 | 10 |
16.0 | 5.3456378 | 10 |
16.1 | 5.9876768 | 10 |
16.2 | 6.0199198 | 10 |
16.3 | 4.8250467 | 10 |
16.4 | 5.6137495 | 10 |
16.5 | 5.1849830 | 10 |
16.6 | 6.0079062 | 10 |
16.7 | 5.6746793 | 10 |
16.8 | 5.7599610 | 10 |
16.9 | 6.9262148 | 10 |
17.0 | 5.5055646 | 10 |
17.1 | 5.9353159 | 10 |
17.2 | 5.8143740 | 10 |
17.3 | 5.1898432 | 10 |
17.4 | 5.2581109 | 10 |
17.5 | 5.5304875 | 10 |
17.6 | 5.9514978 | 10 |
17.7 | 5.1575358 | 10 |
17.8 | 6.3630690 | 10 |
17.9 | 6.0917576 | 10 |
18.0 | 4.8876218 | 10 |
18.1 | 6.0271548 | 10 |
18.2 | 6.2649077 | 10 |
18.3 | 6.0516809 | 10 |
18.4 | 5.3938550 | 10 |
18.5 | 5.4842975 | 10 |
18.6 | 5.9841027 | 10 |
18.7 | 5.7509744 | 10 |
18.8 | 6.1491440 | 10 |
18.9 | 6.6701724 | 10 |
19.0 | 5.0871128 | 10 |
19.1 | 5.8463856 | 10 |
19.2 | 5.4824359 | 10 |
19.3 | 6.5701345 | 10 |
19.4 | 5.5469568 | 10 |
19.5 | 6.1140561 | 10 |
19.6 | 6.5780682 | 10 |
19.7 | 6.3662566 | 10 |
19.8 | 5.7038868 | 10 |
19.9 | 5.9423046 | 10 |
20.0 | 5.3463263 | 10 |
Die Summe der mittleren quadrierten Abweichung zwischen der vorhergesagten und der tatsächlichen Empfindung können wir als Diskrepanzmaß definieren:
\[discr = \frac{\sum_{j=1}^J (E_j - \hat{E_j})^2}{J}\]
Wir versuchen nun den Parameter \(k\) zu finden, der das Diskrepanzmaß minimiert.
Im ersten Schritt programmieren wir eine Funktion, die als Input den Parameter \(k\) und als Output die Ausprägung des Diskrepanzmaßes in Abhängigkeit zu \(k\) ausgibt.
Für \(k = 1\) ergibt sich folgende Diskrepanz.
discrepancy_function(k = 1)
[1] 5.354693
In einem Grid-Search kann nun die Diskrepanz für verschiedene Parameterwerte für \(k\) geprüft werden. Im Beispiel testen wir alle \(k\)-Werte zwischen 0 und 5 in .1er Schritten.
In der folgendne Tabelle sind die Diskrepanzwerte für die gesteten \(k\)-Parameterwerte angegeben,
kbl(discr_grid) %>%
kable_paper() %>%
scroll_box(height = "400px")
k | discrep |
---|---|
0.0 | 20.7240088 |
0.1 | 18.7247886 |
0.2 | 16.8282993 |
0.3 | 15.0345407 |
0.4 | 13.3435130 |
0.5 | 11.7552160 |
0.6 | 10.2696499 |
0.7 | 8.8868145 |
0.8 | 7.6067100 |
0.9 | 6.4293362 |
1.0 | 5.3546933 |
1.1 | 4.3827811 |
1.2 | 3.5135998 |
1.3 | 2.7471492 |
1.4 | 2.0834295 |
1.5 | 1.5224406 |
1.6 | 1.0641824 |
1.7 | 0.7086551 |
1.8 | 0.4558586 |
1.9 | 0.3057928 |
2.0 | 0.2584579 |
2.1 | 0.3138538 |
2.2 | 0.4719805 |
2.3 | 0.7328379 |
2.4 | 1.0964262 |
2.5 | 1.5627453 |
2.6 | 2.1317952 |
2.7 | 2.8035759 |
2.8 | 3.5780873 |
2.9 | 4.4553296 |
3.0 | 5.4353027 |
3.1 | 6.5180066 |
3.2 | 7.7034413 |
3.3 | 8.9916068 |
3.4 | 10.3825031 |
3.5 | 11.8761302 |
3.6 | 13.4724881 |
3.7 | 15.1715768 |
3.8 | 16.9733963 |
3.9 | 18.8779466 |
4.0 | 20.8852277 |
4.1 | 22.9952396 |
4.2 | 25.2079823 |
4.3 | 27.5234558 |
4.4 | 29.9416601 |
4.5 | 32.4625952 |
4.6 | 35.0862611 |
4.7 | 37.8126578 |
4.8 | 40.6417854 |
4.9 | 43.5736437 |
5.0 | 46.6082328 |
Wir können nun den “besten” Parameterwert für \(k\) identifizieren, indem wir nach dem Minimum der Diskepanz gegeben \(k\) schauen (im Beispiel liegt dieses bei 2).
plot(discr_grid$k,discr_grid$discrep,type = "l", lwd = 2, xlab = "k", ylab = "Discrepancy")
abline(v = 2, lty=3)
Da ein Grid-Search nicht unendlich fein bei der Wahl von \(k\) sein kann und ein Grid-Search bei mehr als einem Parameter auch recht zeitaufwendig wird, können wir kluge Optimierungsalgorithmen verwenden (wie sie zum Beipiel Simplex, das im Buchkapitel 3 in Farrell & Lewandowsky (2018) beschrieben ist), die das globale Minimum einer Funktion ermitteln. In R lässt sich dieses recht einfach programmieren, wenn wir die Diskrepanzfunktion haben.
Call:
mle(minuslogl = discrepancy_function, start = list(k_optim = 0.1))
Coefficients:
k_optim
1.996077
Der Parameterwert \(k\), der die Diskrepanz zwischen Modellvorhersagen und Daten minimiert, liegt demnach bei ungefähr \(k = 2\).
Das klingt kompliziert, wenn man sich die Funktion des Gesetzes anschaut (siehe unten) wird aber klarer, welchen Verlauf die Kurve nimmt.↩︎
Die genauen methodischen Details eines solchen Experiments ignorieren wir einmal für diese Übung.↩︎
Das ist nicht überraschend, wenn man weiß, dass die Daten mit \(k = 2\) und einem Fehlerterm \(e \sim N(0,.5)\) generiert wurden.↩︎